Nyerere free essay sample

Conditions that produced authoritarian and single party state There were three main causes that lead to Nyerere’s authoritarian state. One was that he had created a party and worked his way up in order to get towards higher levels. In 1945 he formed the Tanganyika African National union also known as the (TANU). Nyerere soon became president, and in 1958 he was elected to the legislative council and eventually became chief minister in 1960. To Nyerere’s convenience Tanzania gained independence in 1961, this contributed to one of the causes that lead to the authoritarian state. Once independence was gained, Nyerere was then Prime Minister. At the time that Tanzania came into independence, Nyerere was at a position of high political power. With his position and Tanzania’s independence people saw him as the most relevant leader to the nation. Lastly, in 1962 Nyerere was finally elected president. This was his final step in his rise to a single party state and an authoritarian leader. His position as president put him in total control and he was now able to influences the people with his ideologies. Aims, ideology, who was their support base Similar to all leaders Nyerere had specific aims in mind as he rose to power. What Nyerere desired was to bring a blend of Socialism and African Communal living to Tanzania. As Nyerere rose to power he had great intentions for the country of Tanzania. His main aim was to provide education, opportunity and equality for every individual in the nation. Nyerere aspired for the people to become independent and self-reliant and his purpose was to help both the people of Tanzania and Africa as a whole. His intentions were to rid Africa of the imperial powers and unite all African countries. The outline for Nyerere’s aims was known as the Arusha Declaration. Self Reliance, abstinence, and self-denial were emphasized throughout the declaration of his goals for Tanzania. Nyerere has a theory known as Ujamaa, it revolved around the idea that the majority of production would be nationalized and that everybody was a worker who needed to contribute to the society. The Arusha Declaration also specified that the country should be based on socialism and the concept of equality, additionally that nobody should have more privileges than anybody else. The idea of moving the majority of development to the rural areas and the focus of ridding the nation of poverty was another aspect included in the declaration. Overall, Nyerere’s aims and ideologies circled around the ideas of equality and the unity of Africa. There were three main aspects to Nyerere’s ideologies. Britain ruled over Tanzania before it was an independent nation. Based on British imperialism Nyerere had hatred towards imperialist powers. Through his own perspective he had witnessed the ways in which the British treated Tanzania and he came to the conclusion that imperialism does not work and it negatively affects countries and their people. Therefore, Nyerere adopted the ideas of socialism and changed it according to his own interpretation. What Nyerere came up with was African Communal living applied to socialism, which was a combination of both principles. In conclusion the three main aspects were unity in Tanzania and Africa, equal opportunities for all individuals, and lastly the movement of development to rural areas. The extent at which they achieved totalitarianism Julius Nyerere was the president of Tanzania from 1962 to 1985, which was a single party state rule. Even after his presidency, he continued to have an impact in the government up until the early 1990’s. During his regime, Nyerere achieved almost complete totalitarian rule. However, Nyerere was not perceived as a horrendous dictator. His intentions were to help the people and e attempted to use his ideology for the benefit of the people and the nation. In addition to that, he had also vigorously attempted to unite the people of Africa. For example, the conflict in Uganda proves Nyerere’s attempts of uniting Africa. Idi Amin was the terrible leader of Uganda; he had attacked Tanzania. Nyerere responded with military action and eventually he was able to liberate Uganda through overthrowing their leader and taking the capital. Also, he took part in hosting many African Unity Organizations such as the Pan-African Congress and the African National Congress. Nyerere was willing to listen to the people and he avoided being a ruthless leader, but he was in total control of the nation and he was able to succeed totalitarian rule. Establishment of authoritarian rule Methods they used for keeping power As it has already been discussed Nyerere worked his way to high political power prior to the independence of Tanzania. During this time he gained a lot of power in the party TANU that benefited his establishment of power after Tanzania gained its independence. The TANU became the main party of Tanzania soon after it was independent causing Nyerere to easily maintain his high rank. A method that Nyerere used to maintain his power was that he apprehended whoever went against him. Through using a preventive detention act he was allowed to imprison his opponents at will. Nyerere was not a brutal dictator, though he still eliminated the opposition in order to remain in power. Creating an education system to spread his ideals was another one of his methods used to maintain power. He used this system to gain support of Tanzanians and to easily spread his ideas throughout the nation. His education system provided people with the knowledge of socialism and self-sufficiency and with this information the people would then accept Nyerere’s ideologies. With his education system it helped him maintain power because his ideologies were all that was taught and it prevented other influences and ideas from being shared. That is how Nyerere was able to maintain his totalitarian position. Nature and treatment of opposition As stated earlier Nyerere used a preventive detention act in order to defeat his opposition and maintain power. The preventive act also controlled strikes, angry opposition to trade and union acts and racists and anti foreign activities. His treatment of opposition was not extremely harsh, but it was not good either. The act allowed him to imprison his opponents whenever he pleased to do so. It allowed him to stay in power as well as not come off as an evil leader. The treatment of his opponents is shown through Reverend Christopher Mtikila’s answer when he was asked â€Å"Did people live in fear during the Nyerere era? † â€Å"We experienced a very strange way of living because of the terror campaign with the security officers trained in the communist block. It was terrible. People did not trust anyone, even in the families. Wives would not trust their husbands and vice versa because it was a very severe terror campaign. People would disappear silently and no one would be allowed to think about them because if you are suspected to be thinking treason, then you also disappear. We lived under that repressive regime, I mean, all these years until this guy retired after the failure of Ujama, because we did not achieve all these things. We were made to think about things, which were not there and believe they are there. To say otherwise was to say treason. This is the terror campaign which subdued us to the level of livestock, which always live in fear of slaughter anytime. † Based on Reverend Mtikila’s statement, Nyerere is demonstrated as fearful in some ways. In some cases, Nyerere would respond militarily against some opposition. For instance, the conflict with Uganda in the late 1970’s that was previously mentioned required the use of military tactics against the opposition to rid them of their unfair leader, Idi Amin. This worked out in favor of Nyerere, it was successful and caused Nyerere to gain popularity in Uganda and throughout Africa. To sum it up, Nyerere’s treatment of his opposition was not always legal, but it wasn’t violent or brutal either. Also, his treatment towards opposition was extremely successful in the sense that he remained in power and kept a good reputation throughout Tanzania and Africa. Domestic and Foreign policies Political, economic, religious policies Nations such as the United States commenced to act cautiously while investing in the Socialist country of Tanzania. This is because TANU and Nyerere implemented a regime control system called the Arusha Declaration. The Arusha Declaration called for supreme regime control of dispersal and engenderment, a code of ethics for the countries political bellwethers and great grip on resourcefulness predicated off of the same lines as Ujamma. It was designed to regulate economic and social development. The five parts of the declaration are the TANU creed, the policy of socialism, the policy of self-reliance, TANU membership, and lastly the Arusha resolution. Nyerere promoted the Arusha Declaration as a way to show his hope to promote universal human dignity and break down class barriers. The Arusha Declaration availed to organize and present the countries political conceptions and policies in an official, orderly fashion, availing them to perpetuate on with their work and convince others they were doing so. Role of education, the arts, media, use of propaganda Nyerere’s main source of propaganda was education and he used it to get himself into power. He was a highly educated intellectual and was the first African to attend a British university. Nyerere used his respected education and viewpoint to his benefit. He was able to appeal and persuade the people of his country that his ideas would work, that his words were brilliant because of his degrees and experience. Nyerere’s promises of a better life and a caring, equal community were used to draw the people in. Status of women, treatment of minorities Nyerere believed in equality for all no matter what the gender or the minority of the individual. In the Arusha declaration it states, â€Å"All human beings are equal. † Therefore, this shows Nyerere believes that everyone has a right to freedom and everyone should be entitled to their own rights. Key political allies outside the country Nyerere enjoyed political longevity and friendly relations with Western and Eastern Bloc nations. He was also a close friend to both J. F. Kennedy and Nelson Mandela. During the time in which Nelson Mandela visited Tanzania with Nyerere as president he gives positive comments. â€Å"I then truly realized that I was in a country ruled by Africans. For the first time in my life, I was a free man †¦ I felt the burden of oppression lifting from my shoulders †¦ I was being judged for the first time not by the color of my skin but by the measure of my mind and character †¦ I met Julius Nyerere, the newly independent country’s first president. We talked at his house, which was not at all grand, and I recall that he drove himself in a simple car, a little Austin. This impressed me for it suggested that he was a man of the people. † Interaction with other states One of Nyerere’s aims was to unite all of Africa. Therefore, he regularly interacted with the African nations through meetings and organizations. An example mentioned earlier would be his involvement with Uganda. Conclusion: In conclusion, Julius Nyerere ruled over Tanzania through a totalitarian rule. His extent of his total control was shown through his origins, establishment of authoritarian rule, and through both his domestic and foreign policies. His rule ended when he voluntarily retired form office in 1985 and then died in 1999. MLA Works Cited Primary Sources- Mtikila, Reverend Christopher. Heaven On Earth: the Rise and Fall of Communism. Personal Interview. 10 Feb 2014. Nelson Mandelas Tanzania Trips Revisited. Nelson Mandela Foundation. N. p. , 26 Jan. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Nyerere, Julius. â€Å"The Arusha Declaration. † N. p. , 5 February 1967. Web. 11 Feb 2014. Secondary Sources-

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Civil Disobedience Essay Topics

Civil Disobedience Essay TopicsOne of the critical essay topics that I am fascinated with is Civil Disobedience. I love this essay topic because it is a provocative essay topic and that is exciting. I love everything about it. I like its topics, I like the format, I like its pace, I like its overall structure and I like that I am able to use it to my advantage in the long run.Thoreau made this essay topic because he was worried about the system and its laws. There was no system in place to govern the actions of the authorities. These were not laws but social commands. The only way to protect himself from being taken away from his land, was to resist these threats. So he chose the path of Civil Disobedience as a way to resist the authority and the law.For Thoreau, if you do not know how to react to the authorities then you have no choice but to obey. You are stuck between two choices. Either you can walk away from your land because of the fear of persecution or you can obey and live i n conformity to these laws.Thoreau understood this when he was in the midst of the lawless. He understood that he could not choose the first option because he could lose all he had worked for. So he chose the second option and started to rise above the law.His faith in his ability to choose his future and take control of his life is what allowed him to endure. He knew that his actions were going to affect not only himself but the entire community, and if he did not choose well, then he could end up losing everything he worked so hard for.Civil Disobedience is a good essay topic because it allows you to shine a light on your leadership potential. You are the person who is most likely to make decisions that will affect the community as a whole. It allows you to give a voice to those that have been left out of the process.The reason that Thoreau's essay topics are so powerful is because they give you a platform from which to voice your perspective. So it is critical to be careful when choosing the essay topics that you choose because you want to give yourself the best opportunity possible to allow others to see what you are made of.

Essay Topics For Your Single Parenting Essay

Essay Topics For Your Single Parenting EssaySingle parenting is not a get rich quick scheme. You are not going to be able to go on vacation and leave your kids in a safe environment for a week or two. In fact, you are probably living within the same neighborhood as your children every day, so I would suggest that you at least make sure that you are not leaving them unattended when you are away. Now that you have these tips in mind, here are some single parenting essay topics that will help you prepare for your assignment.You are probably not prepared to explain to your child why you love her so much. You may think that you need a very dramatic story to explain to them that they are special to you. There are plenty of inspirational stories out there that you can use.A story about how you learned about your mother's love and affection for you can be enough to make your child's hearts melt. Just don't forget that you should include your wife, and this does not necessarily mean telling h er that you love her. Just have a look at some of the ones you have heard over the years.Writing about how your single parenting skills have improved is also an excellent essay topic. Many people are able to meet their parenting goals simply by using certain parenting techniques and tools, and you may be one of them.Perhaps you will want to tell a true story of how you decided to stop fighting with your children. You will have to come up with a specific time when you had to decide to do it, but if you can provide an example of a particular event, your writing could be so memorable that your child will remember it for the rest of his life. This will also help to convince your child that you are a very good parent.If you want to get a boost in your parenting skills, start working on them immediately after giving birth. Breastfeeding is a great way to continue to nurture your child. In addition, if you are working with a professional on the side, he will give you tips on things you can do to keep your parenting skills sharp.Single parenting is not as easy as most people make it out to be. But when you put your thoughts into words, you will be able to come up with some very powerful ideas that will help your child realize how special he or she is to you.

The Importance of a Sample Essay on CPR and First Aid

The Importance of a Sample Essay on CPR and First AidHave you ever wondered why your students need to take an A+ Sample Essay on CPR and First Aid? After all, the American Heart Association is a non-profit organization that has taken great pride in encouraging students to help others. They are only trying to make everyone around them safer.Why does your school need a Sample Essay on CPR and First Aid for their students? It's because every year about 150,000 people die from heart attacks. They don't even have to leave the classroom. You can easily create a two-page essay using resources found in the Free Dictionary online.There are two main reasons for requiring First Aid and CPR training in the schools. One is that every school should be taught the importance of teaching your students about the benefits of CPR and first aid. The other reason is that all schools should be taught the legalities of CPR and First Aid. As we are constantly learning new laws regarding the handling of chemi cal substances, the skills of administering first aid should also be taught.In today's society we live in, the legalities of a product can only be determined by its manufacturer. When it comes to teaching the importance of First Aid and CPR in schools, all our doctors are doctors, therefore, they need to know how to administer CPR and how to handle toxic chemicals. When it comes to schools, the government and other groups are concerned with the amount of first aid certificates the students get. Since so many students die each year, they want to motivate more students to take CPR and first aid classes.What happens if we don't have enough First Aid and CPR teachers in the schools? You can see it when your daughter has a panic attack. Every parent isdesperate to help their child and the only thing they know about are 'over-the-counter' medicines that haven't been approved by the FDA. Without a good knowledge about CPR and First Aid, they would be helpless in the face of an emergency. F ortunately, a sample essay on CPR and First Aid is easy to create.The first thing you must do is write about your medical history and current medical history. If you have a family history of heart attacks, make sure you include it in your essay. You can either keep it for future reference or include it in your essay. If you have any questions about your medical history, ask your doctor. Make sure to include any medications, vitamins, or supplements you are taking.If you are unsure about what to write about, you can download a sample essay on CPR and First Aid. Most can be used online. If you have questions, consult your doctor or ask a librarian.

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development free essay sample

Nurture Strongly Influences Early Human Development. Discuss. Both nature and nurture play an important role in early human development. However, people have always wondered that our gene which we inherited from our parents or environmental factors influenced the most. This has been a mysterious around the globe for centuries. This essay will analyze that nurture is the most important. Nature which is the heredity from our parents plays a huge role in the development. Our personal characteristics were determined by the genetic structure of the fertilized ovum. The decision of our sex, hair color, eyes color comes from the gene which we inherited from our parents. Another example for the affections of gene on the development of human is that, a twin who was separated for almost 35years with different life history still share the same interest and personality when they meet each other. Moreover, because of the genetically programmed maturation , children’s behavior after birth flows the same as the time schedule of their innate ability such as rolling over, sitting without support, standing while holding on to furniture, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although we see that nature influenced human the most, what really influences the development is nurture. For instance, even if all children go through the same sequences of motor behaviors, different children will go through the same stage at different rates. What’s more, the extension of motor behaviors can be hastened by extra stimulation or practice that infants received. As we can see, a child who was given an extra practice of walking everyday began to walk earlier than children who didn’t practice. Also, the development of speech is accelerated if an infant is encouraged and stimulated to speak. According to the belief of John Locke, babies have blank minds after their births. Their minds only improved from what they’ve learned and experienced through their senses. They do not inherit from their parents. Similarly, according to John B. Waston and B. F. Skinner, the nature of human can be adaptable. It doesn’t really depend on the heredity of the child but it does depend on the training that the child has received. He also stated that he can turn any infants to any kind of specialists such as lawyer, doctor, artist, or even thief and beggar regarding to his training but not their race of ancestors, tendencies, talents or abilities. In conclusion, either nature or nurture influenced new born infants in their own ways. It seems they can back up with strong supports. However, nurture influences more than nature because it has a strong power to alter our natural form and can possibly turn us into somewhat different. In my opinion, I also believe that nurture has a strong impact on children’s development because from my personal experience, I have to study in order to get the knowledge and skills and my lifestyle just adapt to the environment around me.

20 Definition Essay Topics on Material Culture

20 Definition Essay Topics on Material Culture Writing a definition essay is challenging only if you think it is. The truth is that with the information we have provided in 10 facts on material culture for a definition essay, you have plenty of topics to write on. However, if you are in a hurry to write the essay and want to pick out a topic right away, we understand perfectly and this is exactly why we are presenting you with 20 topics which you can use to kick-start your essay. Here are 20 topics on Material Culture which you can choose from: The Beginning of Material Culture and Its Progression History of Collecting Habits Culture and Ethnographic Work Role of Material Culture in Portrayal of Systematic Evolution of Society What is The â€Å"Golden Age† of Museums Early Establishment and School of Thought of Material Culture Connection Between Anthropology and Material Culture The First Material Culture Studies Creating Hierarchy and Scrutinizing Cultural Signature of Non-Western Cultures What Happened During the Museum Age? Franz Boas and His Role in Reordering Material Culture What is the Life-Group Arrangement? Pitt Rivers’ Museums and His Contributions to Material Culture How Can All Mankind Be Tracked Back to a Single Origin? Material Culture During 60’s and 70’s Development of Material Culture Through the Years Interdisciplinary and Cross-Disciplinary Focus of Material Culture A Detailed Look at Interdisciplinary Studies How Do Objects Portray Culture and Society? Studying Material Culture in Detail Role of Georg Simmel in Material Culture The topics given in this list will be enough when you want to write a stellar essay. For best grades, combine two or more topics and make sure you are really paying attention to the essay when writing. If you are not sure about the right pattern and style of writing, you can consult our guide on how to write a definition essay on material culture to compose a picture perfect essay. For further assistance on your definition paper, here is a sample essay which you can consult when you begin writing your own version. Sample Definition Essay: The Beginning of Material Culture and Its Progression Material culture is a study which grew along with anthropology. It explains the relationship between people and objects. Scientists who study this field focus on the making, history and conservation of these objects. Material cultural studies take their theories from social sciences, anthropology, folklore, historic preservation and other fields. Objects like books, jewelry and even toothbrushes are added into the study of material culture. Because it’s beginning was with anthropology, it began with the study of objects used by non-westerners. Studying these objects helped people marginalize and characterize the cultures which they came out of. However, though the origins of material culture can be dated back to 1990’s, it was not until 1996 that it was fully recognized, when The Journal of Material had started publishing. As time passed, the purpose of material culture became to show the society how things evolve. During the â€Å"golden age† of museums, objects were portrayed in such a fashion that you started from simpler objects from non-westerns and ended at advanced objects which belonged to the Europeans. Though this was also a way to show that the Europeans were at the end of evolution, scholars theorized that culture doesn’t evolve through predictable cycles and so the views changed to have a more objective view of non-western culture. However, though the study of material culture has evolved leaps and bounds today, it is thought that collecting habits and ethnographic work was the actual origin of things. Over the years, people like Leslie White, James Deetz, Ian M. G. Quimby and Gred Koch contributed to the field of material culture. Today’s material culture deals with archaeology, art conservation, anthropology and heritage. This is why you will find plenty of material culture studies which deal with the understanding of daily lives of the people in olden cultures and what we can learn from them. The artifacts which are collected during the exploration are used to make inferences about the culture and history. Though no written record was present for objects found from very early cultures, oral traditions and written work can be found for recent societies. Because material culture is also closely related to anthropology, anthropologist who study material culture also look into the interactions that people of that culture had with each other and with those outside. The responsibility of the anthropologist is to look closely at the object, the why and how it was made and then understand the culture where it was presented. During the mid-nineteenth century, Lewis Henry Morgan took interest in studying material culture and is well known for studying the effects of technology on society and its evolution. Later on, scientists such as Franz Boas took the field in further deep and explained why it was important to not only look at the object but know about its context as well. In the twentieth century, Claude Levi-Strauss included material culture in his anthropological work and claimed that these findings can also be used to understand the mindset of people during those times. Finally, Marvin Harris presented the theory of cultural materialism which claimed that every aspect of a certain society has material motives or causes. References: Woodward, Ian (2007).  Understanding Material Culture. New York, New York: SAGE Publications Ltd. Woodward, Sophie.  Material Culture. Oxford. Retrieved  4 December  2013. American Materialism Koch, Gerd (1961).  Die Materielle Kulture der Ellice-Inseln. Berlin: Museum fur Volkerkunde (Ethnological Museum of Berlin); The English translation by Guy Slatter, was published as  The Material Culture of Tuvalu, University of the South Pacific in Suva (1981). Koch, Gerd (1986).  Materielle Kultur der Gilbert-Inseln. Berlin: Museum fur Volkerkunde (Ethnological Museum of Berlin), The English translation by Guy Slatter, was published as  The Material Culture of Kiribati, University of the South Pacific in Suva (1986). Morgan, Lewis Henry (1877).  Ancient Society. Boas, Franz (1896).  The Limitations of the Comparative Method of Anthropology. Levi-Strauss, Claude (1961).  Structural Anthropology. Berger, Arthur Asa (2009).  What Objects Mean: An Introduction of Material Culture. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press Inc. p.  93. Harris, Marvin (1979).  Cultural Materialism.